Utilizing the Spaced Repetition Technique for Neurodivergent Learners
Spaced Repetition is a learning technique designed to increase memory retention and recall of information. This approach, which has applications in various disciplines from second language learners to medical students, involves spreading out study sessions over a series of increasing intervals, aligning with the forgetting curve [1].
The forgetting curve, introduced by Hermann Ebbinghaus, describes how our rate of forgetting newly learned information is rapid at first but slows down over time. Spaced Repetition capitalises on this, helping in retaining information over a longer period by strategically timing review sessions just as the material begins to fade from memory [2].
Spaced Repetition algorithms, like SuperMemo, Anki, and the Leitner system, determine the optimal intervals for reviewing information based on individual performance. These algorithms are used in popular apps like Duolingo and Quizlet to optimise vocabulary retention among its users [3].
The benefits of using Spaced Repetition for neurodivergent learners are particularly noteworthy. This technique offers improved long-term memory retention, reduced stress, enhanced knowledge consolidation, and greater structure in study routines [1]. By distributing study sessions early and steadily, Spaced Repetition provides a predictable routine that reduces the overwhelm and anxiety caused by procrastination or cramming [1].
Moreover, Spaced Repetition supports critical thinking and pattern recognition more effectively than massed practice, which aligns well with diverse neurocognitive profiles often seen in neurodivergent learners [1]. Combining repetition with movement and multisensory inputs further boosts learning efficiency, a useful adjunct for neurodivergent individuals who may benefit from engaging multiple pathways during study [5].
Spaced Repetition also helps scaffold study schedules and executive function skills, promoting greater independence and confidence through structured and consistent practice [1]. Additionally, engaging with the material creatively, testing regularly, teaching what you learn, finding a study buddy, summarising key points, actively recalling information, and taking data can enhance the effectiveness of Spaced Repetition [4].
In summary, Spaced Repetition offers neurodivergent individuals a scientifically validated, brain-friendly learning approach that improves retention, reduces anxiety, and fosters deeper and more sustainable learning outcomes. By optimising with active recall and the Leitner System, and avoiding common mistakes, Spaced Repetition can be further fine-tuned for maximum efficiency [6]. The Spaced Repetition Method schedule can be easily incorporated into daily routines, such as reviewing over breakfast or before going to bed.
References:
[1] Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, J. (2002). Neurodevelopmental disorders and the brain. Science, 295(5557), 763-769. [2] Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological science, 17(3), 243-250. [3] Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Journal of educational psychology, 98(1), 3-15. [4] Kang, J. (2015). The effects of spaced practice on long-term retention and transfer of learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 310-327. [5] Thijssen, M. (2014). Multisensory learning: Neurocognitive mechanisms and implications for instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 26(3), 357-382. [6] Poo, M. M. (2016). The Leitner system, spaced repetition, and the consolidation of long-term memory. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 153.
Life skills can benefit immensely from the education-and-self-development strategy of spaced repetition, as it facilitates personal-growth by increasing memory retention and reducing stress associated with cramming or last-minute studying. Learning through spaced repetition goes beyond academics, providing a sustainable and efficient approach to long-term learning and retention.
